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    Citations Guide     

    Text in BROWN indicates that the item is located in Hoover Library.

    Not Sure Which Style to Use?

    1. Ask your professor.
    2. The style of citation is usually determined by the discipline.
    3. If you are submitting a paper for publication, consult the journal for the style preferred by that particular journal. The information is often located inside the front cover.

    The keys to citing any source, traditional or electronic, and irrespective of the style chosen, remain:
        1. have a clear and neat format;
        2. be consistent in style and format;
        3. present sufficient information for a reader to identify and find the cited passage or work.
    Note: For citing material from the World Wide Wide, you must include 2 additional pieces of information:
        1. the electronic address or URL of the site (eg. http://...);
        2. date you accessed the site.

    ACS Style - used for scientific papers, especially in Chemistry. Set by the American Chemical Society.

    APA Style - primary style for the social sciences, such as Psychology and Education. Formulated by the American Psychological Association

    • APA Style: Electronic References (APA)
      • Official APA style used for citing material from the Internet.
    • DocsCite (Arizona State University)
      • Fill in the form, and it will create the citation for you. Note: This site does NOT create citations for articles retrieved from Web-based databases like InfoTrac.
    • Citing Electronic Sources in the APA Style (James D. Lester)
    • Citing Sources (Kelley A. Lawton, Duke University)
      • Provides examples for citing print and electronic sources using APA, Chicago, MLA, and Turabian styles. Excellent site.
    • How to Cite Government Documents (University of Nebraska)
      • For citing paper and electronic government publications.
    • Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. 5th edition. Washington, D.C.: APA, 2001.
      • (Call number: R 808.06615 P976)
      • Use for citing print sources, CD-ROMs, and other media.

    CBE Style - used for scientific works, especially in Biology and related disciplines. Style set by the Council of Biology Editors.

    • CBE Style (Andrew Harnack & Eugene Kleppinger)
      • Adapting the CBE style for citing Internet sources.
    • Numbering Electronic Sources in the CBE Style (James D. Lester)
      • Based on the style set by the Council of Biology Editors.
    • Scientific Style and Format: the CBE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers. 6th edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
      • (Call number: R 808 C8555 1994)

    Chicago Style - one of the major styles for the humanities and fine arts, but not for literary studies

    • Chicago Style (Andrew Harnack & Eugene Kleppinger)
      • Adapting the Chicago style for citing Internet sources.
    • Citing Sources (Kelley A. Lawton, Duke University)
      • Provides examples for citing print and electronic sources using APA, Chicago, MLA, and Turabian styles. Excellent site.
    • Footnoting Electronic Sources in the Chicago Style (James D. Lester)
    • Uncle Sam - Brief Guide to Citing Government Publications (University of Memphis)
      • For both paper and electronic government publications.
    • The Chicago Manual of Style. 14th edition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993.
      • (Call number: R 808 C532 1993)
      • The next edition is not due out for several more years. Until then, use the sites above for guidelines on citing electronic materials.

    Legal Style

    • Introduction to Basic Legal Citation (Peter W. Martin, Cornell Law School)
      • Based on the 17th ed. of the "Blue Book".
    • The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation. 16th edition. Cambridge: the Harvard Law Review Association, 1996.
      • (Call number: R 348.7347 B658)

    MLA Style - standard style for literary studies as set out by the Modern Language Association

    • Frequently Asked Questions About MLA Style (MLA)
      • For instructions on citing material on the World Wide Web (e.g., Web pages, or articles from databases such as InfoTrac or Ebsco), use this site first.
    • MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 5th edition. Ed. Joseph Gibaldi. New York: Modern Language Association, 1999.
      • (Call number: R 808.02 G437)
      • This edition includes instructions on citing Internet resources. Intended for undergraduate students.
    • MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing. 2nd edition. Ed. Joseph Gibaldi. New York: Modern Language Association, 1998.
      • (Call number: R 808.027 G437)
      • Designed for graduate students, scholars, and professional writers.
    • DocsCite (Arizona State University)
      • Fill in the form, and it will create the citation for you. Note: This site does NOT create citations for articles retrieved from Web-based databases like InfoTrac.
    • Citing Electronic Sources in the MLA Style (James D. Lester)
    • Citing Electronic Sources Using MLA Style (Indiana University Bloomington)
    • Citing Sources (Kelley A. Lawton, Duke University)
      • Provides examples for citing print and electronic sources using APA, Chicago, MLA, and Turabian styles.
    • MLA Documentation and Style (Tod E. Jones)
      • Citing both tradition and electronic sources. Good site.
    • Citing Electronic Sources (Library of Congress)
      • Citing films, legal and government documents, maps, recorded sound, photographs and drawings, special presentations, and texts using the MLA and Turabian styles.

    Turabian Style (Variation on the Chicago Style)

    • Citing Sources (Kelley A. Lawton, Duke University)
      • Provides examples for citing print and electronic sources using APA, Chicago, MLA, and Turabian styles. Excellent site.
    • Citing Electronic Sources (Library of Congress)
      • Citing films, legal and government documents, maps, recorded sound, photographs and drawings, special presentations, and texts using the MLA and Turabian styles.

    Other Styles

    • Associated Press Stylebook and Libel Manual. 6th Trade Ed. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1996.
      • (Call number: R 808.066 A849)
    • Columbia Guide of Online Style by Janice R. Walker and Todd Taylor
      • Divided into Humanities Style (MLA and Chicago), and Scientific Style (APA and CBE).
      • Print version. (Call number: R 808.027 W181)
    • United States Government Printing Office Style Manual
      • Warning: This style is used primarily by the U.S. Government Printing Office only. For citing government documents, follow the rules dictated by the appropriate citation style, i.e. APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.

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